Are You Trying to Write a Grade Essay? Use Some Sample Essays

Are You Trying to Write a Grade Essay? Use Some Sample EssaysMiddle school students have many ideas that need to be put into words in order to make their essay better. In the online world, you can find free essay samples in different subjects like history, math, language arts, science, etc.Many internet sites offer free online essay samples that you can use for your essay. You can do the work for yourself, or you can also ask a guidance counselor to give you some ideas and tools to help you with your essay. In order to make your essay more interesting, it is important to use a lot of creativity and imagination.When it comes to writing a grade essay, first thing that comes to mind is writing in a certain style, and following a particular plot. In order to do this, we all have some ideas of how we can write our essay. Writing a grade essay can be easier if you take the help of some sample essays in order to make it more interesting. Middle school students often compare their homework w ith the sample essays in order to get the best idea on how they should write the grade essay.During the first year of middle school, many middle school students tend to study a lot on the history and religion. It is important for them to give importance to a certain religion in their essay. They should be able to find similarities between all religions.Middle school students tend to write their essay by highlighting certain points in their writing. If you find it difficult to highlight your points, try to take the help of some sample essays. Remember that you can get the free essay samples to create your own essays. Try to make your essay more interesting, by using some of the free sample essays.As mentioned above, you can use the free essay samples in order to improve your writing skills, and as well as writing skills in middle school students. You can use your imagination to make your essay better. There are plenty of samples in different subjects, which you can use to make your e ssay more interesting.You can also hire a guidance counselor for help in writing your grade essay. The guidance counselor will guide you on what you need to do, and then it is up to you to decide on the best way for you to write the grade essay. It is always important to get the help of a guidance counselor when you are trying to improve your grades.

Analysis Of Joseph J. Ellis s The Long Run - 1913 Words

Intro: Joseph J. Ellis starts out by stating in his preface that the American Revolution was both necessary and inevitable. The Revolution has been described as something that was already preordained, that, with the direction things had been headed in, the Revolution was bound to occur. With the size and power of the British army and navy, the rebellious disrupters in America should have been knocked down almost immediately, by logic’s rules. Adjacent to this lies Ellis’ statement that, â€Å"in the long run, the evolution of an independent American nation, gradually developing its political and economic strength over the nineteenth century†¦was probably inevitable† (5). While the inevitability of America’s evolution was to happen under British constraints, Ellis’ argument is that this was not the way history happened. His thesis argues that America’s success was not a result that could be clearly predicted, that the advancement of America as i ts own entity was not like how it is seen as today. Ellis then splits off into talking about how we need to be both farsighted and nearsighted in order to truly see America’s growth for what it is and has been. On the farsighted side, Ellis talks about how the isolation of North America and its large reserves of natural resources would have given America much potential to develop on its own. According to Ellis, if America could survive together for the first few stages of its development and then push through the British desire for control,Show MoreRelatedEssay Joseph Conrads The Secret Agent4969 Words   |  20 PagesJoseph Conrads The Secret Agent: A Critique of Late-Victorian Gender Roles February 15, 1894, was the most interesting afternoon in the otherwise dreary history of Greenwich Observatory. Earlier in the day, Martial Bourdin, a skinny anarchist, traveled by train from Westminster to Greenwich, concealing a small bomb. As he ominously ambled through Greenwich Park, towards the Observatory, something happened - no one knows exactly what - and he blew most of himself to shreds. The British, whoRead MorePoa Sba Example3867 Words   |  16 Pages Table of Contents 1. Acknowledgement. 2. Aim of Project. 3. Description of the Entity. 4. Accounting records kept. 5. Comparison of Accounting Records kept with accounts studied in class 6. Performance of Business using Ratio Analysis - Interpretation of Accounts 7. Suggestions amp; Recommendations 8. Conclusion 9. Appendencies Acknowledgements The full completion of this Principles of Accounts S.B.A. 2012 project could not have been done properly withoutRead MoreSelected Topics24764 Words   |  100 PagesOrdinary Least Square (OLS) is conducted to empirically investigate the determinants of quantity demanded of any product. Model: Qd=f (P, I, PR, T, PE, N) The Theory says: Qd=f (P, I, PR, T, PE, N) -, +/-, +/-,+, +, + N/I, S/C Data: Qd is quantity demanded of the good and service, P is price of the good and service, I is consumer’s income per capita, PR is price of the related goods and services, T is taste patterns of consumers, PE is expected price of the good in someRead MoreSports17363 Words   |  70 Pageswill help you in the long run. This is, after all, only your beginning. After the exercises is a separate section focusing on the way this course has been taught in the past. It includes the following: 1. Syllabus 2. Critical Dates 3. Student profile 4. A suggested invitation for a sportscaster speaker Designed for teachers, this section is suggestive only, and is open to input—as is, in fact, this whole project. Your responses are encouraged, and I wish you well in your analysis of and/or career inRead MoreSports17369 Words   |  70 Pageswill help you in the long run. This is, after all, only your beginning. After the exercises is a separate section focusing on the way this course has b een taught in the past. It includes the following: 1. Syllabus 2. Critical Dates 3. Student profile 4. A suggested invitation for a sportscaster speaker Designed for teachers, this section is suggestive only, and is open to input—as is, in fact, this whole project. Your responses are encouraged, and I wish you well in your analysis of and/or career inRead MoreEssay about Recognizing and Shaping Opportunities19389 Words   |  78 Pagesop yo Lynda M. Applegate, Series Editor rP os t Entrepreneurship + I N TE R A C TI VE I L LU S TR AT I O N S No tC Recognizing and Shaping Opportunities LYNDA M. APPLEGATE HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL Do CAROLE CARLSON 8056 | Published: September 1, 2014 This document is authorized for educator review use only by Vikas Gupta, at Institute of Management Technology - Ghaziabad (IMT) until December 2014. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783Read MoreStrategic Audit of Staples Essay6798 Words   |  28 Pages â€Å"[Staples’] mission is to bring easy to offices worldwide.† Objectives Staples’ objectives stem from their formula of success. Their formula focuses on taking care of customers, striving for consistent execution, and investing wisely to drive long-term growth. At Staples, doing what is right is just as important as performing well. The formula for success comes from a strong foundation of ethics and corporate governance and is not just an idea but is actually demonstrated on a daily basisRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagesof Mechanical Engineering, and was Director of the Program in Industrial Engineering. Dr. Montgomery has research and teaching interests in engineering statistics including statistical quality-control techniques, design of experiments, regression analysis and empirical model building, and the application of operations research methodology to problems in manufacturing systems. He has authored and coauthored more than 190 technical papers in these fields and is the author of twelve other books. Dr.Rea d MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 PagesThe Critical Metamorphoses of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein You must excuse a trif ling d eviation, From Mrs. Shelley’s marvellous narration — from th e musical Frankenstein; or, The Vamp ire’s Victim (1849) Like Coleridge’ s Ancient Mariner , who erupts into Mary Sh elley’s text as o ccasionally and inev itably as th e Monster into Victor Frankenstein’s lif e, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometh eus passes, like night, from land to land and w ith stang ely ad aptable powers of speech

What Does Null Mean in C, C and C#

In computer programming, null is both a value and a pointer. Null is a built-in constant that has a value of zero. It is the same as the character 0 used to terminate strings in C. Null can also be the value of a pointer, which is the same as zero unless the CPU supports a special bit pattern for a null pointer. What Is a Null Value? In a database, zero is a value. The value null means that no value exists. When used as a value, null is not a memory location. Only pointers hold memory locations.  Without a null character, a string would not correctly terminate, which would cause problems. What Is a Null Pointer? The C and C programming, a pointer is a variable that holds a memory location. The null pointer is a pointer that intentionally points to nothing. If you dont have an address to assign to a pointer, you can use null. The null value avoids memory leaks and crashes in applications that contain pointers. An example of a null pointer in C is: #include int main() {   Ã‚  int  *ptr NULL;   Ã‚  printf(The value of ptr is %u,ptr);   Ã‚  return 0; } Note: In C, the null macro may have the type void* but this is not allowed in C. Null in C# In C#, null means no object. Information about null and its usages in C# include: You cannot use 0 instead of null in your programs even though null is represented by the value 0.You can use null with any reference type including arrays, strings, and custom types.In C#, null is not the same as the constant zero.

FINANCE ACCOUNTING Example

Essays on FINANCE ACCOUNTING Essay Memorandum In order to present the company’s performance for the year 12, it was made an analysis of the most representative financial ratios, and a comparison with the industry performance. The comparison with the industry norm supports the research of Elliot and Elliot (2011), because it gives the company the opportunity to be judged directly against its competitors from the industry, rather than only against its previous year’s results. These financial ratios were computed starting from a historical analysis of the balance sheet and income statement. According to Needles and Powers (2010), the liquidity ratios (e.g. current, acid-test ratios) measure the company’s ability to fulfill its short-term obligations. The current ratio is below previous year value and is appropriate to the industry’s lower quartile, which can be a weakness for the company and signal issues with liquidity. The decline of this ratio compared with previous year can be explained by an increase in current liabilities of 21.69%. The same issue appears in the case of acid-test ratio, which is a more stringent measure of liquidity, by not including the inventory in the numerator. The decrease in this ratio can also be attributed to current liabilities, because both ratios keep the same numerator. It is also lower than the industry’s lower quartile, which may suggest that the firm could have problems in paying its short-term bills. An operating efficiency indicator is the inventory turnover, which had a decreasing trend, and it is also a weakness compared with the industry’s performance. The decline can be attributed to the increase in inventory of almost 31.99%. Another operating efficiency ratio is accounts receivable turnover, which had the same negative evolution as the preceding ratio. This decrease can be explained by a decrease in credit sales, although net sales have increased compared with year 11. It is also a weakness for the company, because is below the industry norm. The last operating efficiency ratio is day’s sales in receivable, which has increased compared with previous year suggesting that the company collects its receivable later. However, this ratio is appropriate to the industry’s lower quartile, suggesting strength for the company because it collects its receivables on time i.e. customers pay the goods and services bought on credit on the date these are due. In order to have a perspective over the company’s capacity of repaying its debt, it was analyzed a coverage ratio i.e. times-interest earned ratio. This ratio registered values much higher than the industry’s upper quartile and to the previous year’s indicator, which signals a better capacity of meeting its interest payments. An improvement towards year 11’s value could attract creditors, which have the confidence that the firm is paying its obligations. A measure of the company’s use of debt is the leverage ratio, which is appropriate to the industry’s upper quartile, providing a good signal for the credit rating agencies. It registered a decline compared to previous year’s indicator, which signals that the company primary uses the equity financing, without taking much advantage of the debt tax advantages. A measure of the profitability is return on sales, which is not concerning the company because it is appropriate to the industry’s median quartile. It had also improved compared with previous year due to an increase in net earnings of 22.76%. Another measure of profitability is the return on total assets, which is strength, compared with industry norm, suggesting that the company registers high profits in relation with the resources put. It also registers an improvement compared to previous year’s indicator due to an increase in net income. An equity ratio is return on common equity, which is appropriate to the industry’s upper quartile, suggesting strength and a good signal for stockholders’ wealth. However, it is observed a minor decrease compared with previous year due to an increase in equity of 10.57%. Earnings per share are also appropriate to the industry’s upper quartile, signaling a positive situation for the stockholder’s wealth. Moreover, it has improved compared with previous year due to an increase in net earnings of 22.76%. Another equity ratio i.e. P/E ratio is under the industry’s lower quartile, which can be considered a weakness for the company and can suggest an undervaluation in the market for the company’s stock. However, it can be observed an improvement compared with previous year’s ratio. The book value constitutes strength for the company because it is appropriate to the industry’s upper quartile. Moreover, it can be observed an improvement compared with previous year, explained by an increase in equity of 10.57%. References Elliot, B., Elliot, J. (2011). Financial accounting and reporting (14th ed.). London, LDN: Prentice Hall. Needles, B., Powers, M. (2010). Principles of financial accounting (11th ed.). Boston, MA: South-Western College Pub.

Injustice Standing up for one Another - 874 Words

Superheroes; they save and protect the world’s people. They courageously stand up and battle against evil, anarchy, injustice, crime, and sin. When the world has nothing else to defend itself, they are the ones who are present with a duty to safeguard everyone. The superheroes you may know, such as: Superman, Batman, Iron Man, etc. all have extraordinary superhuman powers which they use to shield those in need. However, anyone can be a superhero. Throughout history, many people have become like superheroes not because of extraordinary powers, but extraordinary courage, bravery, humanity, and love. Those people made a choice to risk everything they had in order to save another human being. Is it the right thing for a person to stand up†¦show more content†¦These are one the many people who became a hero to many. The abolitionist movement in the 19th Century is a great of example of people standing up against terrifying odds to help others. During this movement in the 19th Century many people worked hard to abolish slavery in the United States. Some protested, some argued, and some ever chose to take action to free and assist freeing slaves in the South (Garcia, 442). Those who took action were a part of the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses set to help guide slaves escaping to the North and eventually Canada when the Fugitive Slave Act was published (the Fugitive Slave Act gave slave owners and other people the right to return slaves to the southern plantations and farms (Garcia, 422). Almost all the time slaves were treated brutally being beaten, fed little, and living in very harsh, bleak, and even sometimes austere living conditions (Garcia, 422). Those who were caught while in the act of escaping could usually be hanged, k illed, or tortured (Garcia, 422). Those in the North, the abolitionists, and conductors of the underground railroad such as Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglas all fought for the abolishment of slavery (Garcia, 422). The conductors of the Underground Railroad, freed slaves from their workplaces and led them North using the Underground Railroad under guidance of theShow MoreRelatedKeystone Xl Pipeline Vs. Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pages Environmental Justice Case study: Keystone XL Pipeline vs. Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Introduction Throughout this paper I will try to prove that the proposed establishment of the Keystone XL Pipeline is a direct infringement upon the human rights of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North and South Dakota. In order to make this claim I shall directly address three elements: First, the evidence of possible inequality of this situation, secondly the explanatory progress of how and why this situationRead MoreThe Gap Ladder System Of Social Class1550 Words   |  7 PagesDo people in different social standings have different chances or opportunities to move up in social class? Many people, even though they do not realize it, discriminate and establish a prejudice or stereotype, and this affects how they perceive and treat other people. The American Dream has always been to â€Å"Work Hard, and Move Up† (Upper Bound). Are people of lower social standing still equally able to achieve their dreams simply through hard work? The difficulty with which an impoverished personRead More Exploartions of The Injustices of the World in A Lesson Before Dying by Ernest J. Gaines1327 Words   |  5 PagesInjustice will always exist; the world will never be perfect. However, never has injustice been more prevalent in a society than during the pre-civil rights South. In his novel, A Lesson Before Dying, Ernest J. Gaines explores the injustice of society in Bayonne, Louisiana, in the 1940s. An uneducated young black man named Jefferson has been accused of murder and has been sentenced to death by electrocution. He is not even seen as a man by the â€Å"superior† whites, but rather as a hog. Upon the realizationRead MoreThe News And On The Media954 Words   |  4 Pagesofficer to perform it themselves (Graphs). More than sixty percent of Americans own video phones (Graphs). Video phones allow them to video many events that are taken place, such as police brutality. The biggest topic in the news and on the media is injustice for minorities. I read an article about Wiz Khalifa, a famous rapper, being arrested for riding a hoverboard in an LAX airport in August. A few weeks later, a Caucasian man was riding the exact same board in the same airport and had no penalty. MinorRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Testimonial Injustice And How Do You Know It? 941 Words   |  4 PagesTestimonial Injustice, she highlights the significant effects for the connection of ethics and epistemology.  Ethics is one of the philosophies’ branches that asks the question, â€Å"What is a good life or how to live a good life?† Epistemology is  the theory of philosophy that ask the questions, â€Å"What do you know?† and â€Å"How do you know it?† Fricker basically, combines the two subjects at the matter and produced the concept of epistemic injustice.   According to Fricker, epistemic injustices comes in theRead MoreResistance to Ci vil Government: Thoreau Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesproducing injustice therefore he says â€Å"If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go, let it go; perchance it will wear smooth — certainly the machine will wear out.† He furthers this metaphor by saying â€Å"Let your life be a counter friction to stop the machine.† After the death of Thoreau his essay was retitled â€Å"Civil Disobedience†. For the purpose of this essay civil is meant as â€Å"relating to citizens and their interrelations with one another or with theRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.s Letter From Birmingham Jail890 Words   |  4 Pagesthese lynchings were ever brought justice. Racial injustice was a huge issue until the mid-late twentieth century, and Martin Luther King Jr.’s 1963 â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was one of the first documents to address the issue. It is one of history’s most important docu ments regarding racial injustice, as it is considered a classic document of the civil-rights movement. King wrote the letter while he was in jail for parading without a permit, one of 29 misdemeanor offences King was arrested forRead MoreThe Veil Of Ignorance And Prejudice1555 Words   |  7 Pagesagreed that there is nothing people can do to prevent others from creating unjust advantages for themselves; however, this has not stopped philosophers from wondering how people could make just and fair laws. Rawls’s â€Å"Veil of Ignorance† idea stands as one philosophical viewpoint that, if implemented, could seemingly make society fair and just in terms of rules, logic, and ethics. Rawls created his â€Å"veil of ignorance† as a way to attempt to make society more fair. In this idealized world, individualsRead MoreThe Portrayal Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.1211 Words   |  5 PagesIn the wake of the Civil Rights Era, many people in the United States were fighting for the end of segregation. There was one man in particular who was going above and beyond to bring about change: Martin Luther King Jr. He fought continuously for rights of African Americans even when he was, secluded from the world, in jail. One particular time, he was arrested for protesting the rights of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama. Once in jail, he received criticism for his works by â€Å"fellow clergymen†Read MoreThe American Dream: Still Deferred Many Years Later831 Words   |  3 PagesAfrican-American experience is subtly rather than explicitly reinforced. The name of the poem is the most potent reference to the authors concern about the treatment of his pe ople. But when he asks: Does it dry up/ like a raisin in the sun? it is hard not to think of the skin of slaves, drying up in the sun in the antebellum south. Hughes does not need to explicitly mention slavery. The words Or fester like a sore / And then run? also refers to how slaves tried to run and escape their masters. Maybe

Nikola Tesla Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Nikola Tesla Argumentative Essay My great grandmother was born on September 30, 1895 in Strum, Wisconsin, and used to tell us the most important invention for the home, in her lifetime, was the clothes washing machine. Now history always seems to make the present era seem more civilized, when in fact, it is probably only cleaner, thanks to my grandmothers favorite invention. But, I wonder if it is easier. Certainly, there were many patents issued in the 1880s for inventions that truly would change the lives of future generations, and a handful of these amazing contrivances would have a great impact on that which is truly important to an industrialized nation: the machinery that speeds business, business being the true backbone of a country, but to a country girl whose family depended on farming, the clothes washing machine still stands out as the one that saved her the most time. So this essay will delve into the era of the 1880s and focus on one of the most important inventors that ever lived, Nikola Tesla. Many business machines were patented before Nikola Tesla patented the alternating-current electromagnetic motor in 1888 (while the popular Thomas Edison was stubbornly clinging to direct-current motors), but soon more and more inventors were realizing this new source of harnessed power could bring glorious miracles to business, thus providing them with even more glorious profits. But first, the washing machine, truly in honor of my great grandmother, who will be 105 years old this year. Before the days of washing machines, people got dirt out of their clothes by pounding them on rocks and washing the dirt away in streams. Sand was used as an abrasive to free the dirt. Soap was discovered at Romes Sapo Hill where ashes containing the fat of sacrificial animals were found to have good cleaning powers. The earliest washing machine the scrub board was invented in 1797. In 1874 William Blackstone, a Bluffton, Indiana merchant and manufacturer of corn planters, built a birthday present for his wife. It was a machine that removed and washed away dirt from clothes. It consisted of a wooden tub in which there was a flat piece of wood containing six small wooden pegs. The inner mechanism looked something like a small milking stool. It was moved back and forth by means of a handle and an arrangement of gears. Dirty clothes were snagged on the wooden pegs and swished about in hot soapy water. Mr. Blackstone began to build and sell his washers for $2.50 each. Five years later he moved his company to Jamestown, New York where it is located today and where it still produces washing machines. Competitors moved in quickly there have been more than 200 washing machine manufacturers in the U.S. in the past century. Competition has kept keep prices down. Many early washing machines cost less than $10. A wringer, invented in 1861, was added to the washer. Metal tubs replaced wooden types around 1900. Drive belts made possible use of steam or gasoline engines in the early 1900s and electric motor power for the first time in 1906. A rotary handle and a flywheel underneath operated Maytags first washer, built in 1907. In 1875 there had been more than 2,000 patents issued for various washing devices. Not every idea worked, of course. One company built a machine designed to wash only one item at a time. What may have been the first laundromat was opened in 1851 by a gold miner and a carpenter in California. 10 donkeys powered their 12-shirt machine. Earliest washers were hand powered by means of a wheel, pump handle, or similar device. One was driven by twisted ropes that powered the washer by unwinding somewhat like the use of a rubber band to power model airplanes. One washer contained rollers that were pushed back and forth by hand to squeeze out dirt. Several featured stomping devices and one called a Loca-motive was moved rapidly back and forth on a track washing the clothes by slamming them against the walls of the tub. Now, a little about that inventor, Nikola Tesla: NikolaTesla was born in Smijlan, Croatia in 1856. He had an extraordinary memory and spoke six languages. He spent four years at the Polytechnic Institute at Gratz studying math, physics, and mechanics. What made Tesla great, however, was his amazing understanding of electricity. Remember that this was a time when electricity was still in its infancy. The light bulb hadnt even been invented yet. When Tesla first came to the United States in 1884, he worked for Thomas Ediso n. Edison had just patented the light bulb, so he needed a system to distribute electricity. Edison had all sorts of problems with his DC system of electricity. He promised Tesla big bucks in bonuses if he could get the bugs out of the system. Tesla ended up saving Edison over $100,000 (millions of dollars by todays standards), but Edison refused to live up to his end of the bargain.Tesla quit and Edison spent the rest of his life tryingto squash Teslas genius (and the main reason Tesla is unknown today). Tesla devised a better system for electrical transmission, alternating current, or AC.AC offered great advantages over the DC system. By using Teslas newly developed transformers, AC voltages could be stepped up and transmitted over long distances through thin wires. DC could not (requiring a large power plant every square mile while transmitting through very thick cables). Of course, a system of transmission would be incomplete without devices to run on them. So, he invented the m otors. This was no simple achievement scientists of the late 1800s were convinced that no motor could be devised for an alternating current system, making the use of AC a waste of time. After all, if the current reverses direction 60 times a second, the motor will rock back and forth and never get anywhere. If Edison had a needle to find in a haystack, he would proceed at once with the diligence of the bee to examine straw after straw until he found the object of his search. I was a sorry witness of such doings, knowing that a little theory and calculation would have saved him ninety per cent of his labor. Nikola Tesla Tesla solved this problem easily and proved everyone wrong. He was using fluorescent bulbs in his lab some forty years before industry invented them. At Worlds Fairs and similar exhibitions, he took glass tubes and molded them into the shapes of famousscientists names the first neon signs that we See all around us today. I almost forgot Tesla designed the worlds f irst hydroelectric plant, located in Niagara Falls. He also patented the first speedometer for cars. Word began to spread about his AC system and it eventually reached the ears of one George Westinghouse. Tesla signed a contract with Westinghouse under which he would receive $2.50 for each kilowatt of AC electricity sold. Suddenly, Tesla had the cash to start conducting all the experiments he ever dreamed of. But Edison had too much money invested in his DC system, so Tommy did his best to discredit Tesla around every turn. Edison constantly tried to showthat AC electricity was far more dangerous than his DC power. George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only man on this globe who could take my alternating-current system under the circumstances then existing and win the battle against prejudice and money power. He was a pioneer of imposing stature, one of the worlds true nobleman of whom America may well be proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude. Nikola Te sla Tesla counteracted by staging his own marketing campaign. At the 1893 World Exposition in Chicago(attended by 21 million people), he demonstrated how safe AC electricity was by passing high frequency AC power through his body to power light bulbs. He then was able to shoot large lightningbolts from his Tesla coils to the crowd withoutharm. Nice trick! When the royalties owed to Tesla started to exceed $1 million, Westinghouse ran into financial trouble. Tesla realized that if his contract remained in effect, Westinghouse would be out of business and he had no desire to deal with the creditors. His dream was to have cheap AC electric available to all people. Tesla took his contract and ripped it up! Instead of becoming the worlds first billionaire, he was paid $216,600 outright for his patents.In 1898, he demonstrated to the world the first remote controlled model boa t in Madison Square Garden. Tesla had a dream of providing free energy to the world. In 1900, backed by $150,000 from financier J.P. Morgan, Tesla began construction of his so-called Wireless Broadcasting System tower on Long Island, New York. This broadcasting tower was intended to link the worlds telephone and telegraph services, as well as transmit pictures, stock reports, and weather information worldwide. Unfortunately, Morgan cut funding when he realized that it meant FREE energy for the world.Tesla ran into financial trouble after Morgan cut funding for the project and the tower was sold for scrap to pay off creditors. The world thought he was nuts after all, transmission of voice, picture, and electricity was unheard of at this time. What they didnt know was that Tesla had already demonstrated the principles behind radio nearly ten years before Marconis supposed invention. In fact, in 1943 (the year Tesla died), the Supreme Court ruled that Marconis patents were invalid due to Teslas previous descriptions. Still, most references do not credit Tesla with the invention of radio.(Side no te: Marconis radio did not transmit voices it transmitted a signal something Tesla had demonstrated years before.) At this point, the press started to exaggerate Teslas claims. Tesla reported that he had received radio signals from Mars and Venus. Today we know that he was actually receiving the signals from distant stars, but too little was known about the universe at that time. Instead, the press had a field day with his outrageous claims. In his Manhattan lab, Tesla made the earth into an electric tuning fork. He managed to get a steam-driven oscillator to vibrate at the same frequency as the ground beneath him the result? An earthquake on all the surrounding city blocks. The buildings trembled, the windows broke and the plaster fell off the walls. Tesla contended that, in theory, the same principle could be used to destroy the Empire State Building or even possibly split the Earth in two. Tesla had accurately determined the resonant frequencies of the Earth almost 60 years bef ore science could confirm his results. Dont think he didnt attempt something like splittingthe Earth open (well, sort of). In his Colorado Springs lab in 1899, he sent waves of energy all the way through the Earth, causing them to bounce back to the source. When the waves came back, he added more electricity to it. The result? The largest man-made lightning bolt ever recorded 130 feet! A worlds record still unbroken! The accompanying thunder was heard 22 miles away. The entire meadow surrounding his lab had a strange blue glow, similar to that of St. Elmos Fire. But, this was only a warm-up for his real experiment! Unfortunately, he blew out the local power plants equipment and he was never able to repeat the experiment. At the beginning of World War I, the government desperately searched for a way to detect German submarines. The government put Thomas Edison in charge of the search for a good method. Tesla proposed the use of energy waves what we know today as radar to detect t hese ships. Edison rejected Teslas idea as ludicrous and the world had to wait another 25 years until it was invented. His reward for a lifetime of creativity? The prized (to everyone but Tesla) Edison Medal! A real slap in the face after all the verbal abuse Tesla took from Edison. The stories go on and on. Industrys attempt (obviously very successful) to purge him from the scientific literature had driven him into exile for nearly twenty years. Lacking capital, he was forced to place his untested theories into countless notebooks. The man who invented the modern world died nearly penniless at age 86 on January 7, 1943. More than two thousand people attended his funeral.In his lifetime, Tesla received over 800 different patents. He probably would have exceeded Edisons record number if he wasnt always broke he could afford very few patent applications during the last thirty years of his life. Unlike Edison, Tesla was an original thinker whose ideas typically had no precedent in sci ence. Unfortunately, the world does not financially reward people of Teslas originality. We only award those that take these concepts and turn them into a refined, useful product.Bibliography:BibliographyCheney, Margaret, Tesla: Man Out of Time (Dell Publishing, 1981)Tesla, N., Electrical Experiment (1919)Tesla, N., The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla (unknown publishing date or place used) Book actually red on web page:www.neuronet.pitt.edu/biodam/tesla/tesla.pdfWeb Pages:www.neuronet.pitt.edu/bogdam/tesla/bio.thmwww.neuronet.pitt.edu/bogdam/tesla/chicago.htmwww.neuronet.pitt.edu/bogdam//tesla/niagara.htmwww.neuronet.pitt.edu/biodam/tesla/tesla.pdf

Economics 26121 Essay Example For Students

Economics 26121 Essay September 18, 1999The EuroTo most people in the United States hearing the word Euro brings about blank stares. Ask this same question in England or another European country and it means bringing Europe together under one common currency. The Euro can be defined as the common monetary system by which the participating members of the European Community will trade. Eleven countries Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Finland and Italy will comprise the European Economic Monetary Union that will set a side their national currency and adopt the Euro in 2002. A new National bank, based in Frankfurt Germany, will be constructed and the interest rates that control the economies of these nations will be in the hands of this new system. It is indeed a great experiment, being masterminded in Frankfurt, one that will be felt through out Europe as well as the rest of the world.1The combined countries, now more commonly referred to as Euroland, will fall under one national bank. This bank, the European Central Bank, will determine the economic fate of the entire Union. The merging of eleven currencies is a daunting and somewhat lethal task. The ECB is comprised of seventeen members, each having one vote within the governing council. What has most Europeans concerned is the ECBs secrecy of conducting business. There is no voting record nor will there be published minutes of the meeting that take place. Wim Duisenberg president of the ECB and a native Dutchman stated that he wanted the ECB to be one of the most open banks in the world.1 When BBC reporter Steve Levinson confronted him about this in Frankfurt Germany Wim repliedI reconcile these two positions by not defining openness as publishing everything that will be available, but by defining openness as explaining every decision, every consideration. Also the pros and cons and to be very open about that and to be frequent and immediate in that openness. (Livinston, Euro land 3)Why does the ECB operation so much secrecy? Is does not want economic policy moved by political influence. In January of this year the Bank of Ireland became a regional branch of the ECB. Morris OConnell, its governor, supports the ECBs tight lips statingI dont think its appropriate that you should be announcing how each person may have voted. I think youre creating other pressures then, youre creating pressure on individual members to reflect just the national viewpoint. Where we are required under this treaty to take a European perspective on things. (Livinson 5)This treaty OConnell refers to is the Maastrich Treaty. It is the foundation for holding together the ECB and the fait of the Euro. It was constructed in such a way that is completely out of reach of the politicians. This way, national views of one country will not effect the entire economic view of the European Economic Monetary Union. One view is certain now, the Euro will happen and the ECB will be driving the tr ain. What is good for the whole may not be good for the parts. This statement sums up the difficulty of bringing the Euro into reality. Topping the concern is the setting of interest rates through out the EMU. Interest rates normalize any economy and are the foundations of them as well. But does one interest rate in Ireland function the same in Germany? When one economic country is in economic crises how will the ECB react? These are just a few of the many economic problems that will have to be solved, as the day of the Euro becomes closer and closer. Both businesses within the European Economic Monetary Union and outside of it as well, will feel the impact of the Euro. Although currency has yet to be coined, today trade using the Euro has begun. The conversion rates have been set for the eleven nations that will partake. If business outside of the EMU thinks that they will be unaffected by the Euro they have a surprise in store. When it fully takes effect all trade for gods and services will be conducted with the Euro. Companies that trade within the EMU will no longer have to worry about costly conversion rates and delays that is inherent when using different currency for business. As far as trade goes there will be no boarders. Countries that refuse to trade in the Euro may have difficulties. At some point in time they will receive payment for goods or services from an EMU country. If they are not prepared to deal with the EURO they will loose business to competitors that are prepared. Part of being prepared is having the finan cial software that is compatible with the Euro and opening bank accounts so they can transact with Euro currency. England has chosen not to enter the EMU. Many companies within England will not be afforded this luxury. Trading abroad using the Euro will be unavoidable, as many suppliers and business will fall under the EMU. It will be a domino effect, in order for Englands business community to compete with the rest of Europe; they will have to be EURO compliant. One such company in England is Siemens. Siemens is a German based company that is one of the biggest electrical engineering and electronics companies in the world. As far back as 1995 the England based firm started planning for the Euro. Euro project director, Gerard Gent, says the introduction of the Euro has a very positive step towards economic conditions in Europe and the global competitiveness of the region (Euro case study: Siemens 1). Many areas had to be considered from a business focal point, they tackled a variety ofareas includingpurchasing, accountingand data processing (2). One of the major concerns now is being able to convince their suppliers to be Euro compliant. As of now no supplier or business is being forced to prepare for the new currency but it is highly recommend. Some suppliers may be dropped in order to keep operations running smoothly leaving behind the hassles of dealing outside the Euro. Whether or not a business lies within the EMU running into the Euro will be inevitable as time passes. Dealing With Difficult People EssayThe European Economic Union will be the most ambitious economic projects undertaken in this century, but it does have its faults. These faults will have to be overcome or at least tamed in order for it to be a success. There are five major concerns that will have to be addressed. ? Sovereignty? The Central Bank? Transparency? Who will be in control Does one size fit all?Topping the list is the issue of sovereignty.4 Loosing ones national currency is equal to giving up its national sovereignty. The overall position is not whether or not which face will be printed on the currency but is this one step too far down the road leading to political unification?4 Will all of the nation states be engulfed into a European super-state? What could be happening are the beginning stages of the United States of Europe.4 The second issue that is of most concern is the Central Bank. The European Central Bank, which has been conducting most of its business thus far in secrecy, is not winning many points of its constituents. Its seventeen-member council rules the bank. Six of them represent the ECB leadership; the remaining eleven make up the governors and presidents of the national central banks of participating countries.4 Some economists would like to see a more centralized s ystem and argue that the bank is keeping too much power. With a system such as is in place, it might be difficult to react quickly in time of a crisis. One other factor is the built in majority that the individual national banks have, eleven to six, enabling them to gang up on the leadership if the situation presented itself. Thirdly the lack of transparency is of major concern.4 By keeping its proceeding secret the council argues that the threat of political influence is reduced. If no one knows how a particular council member voted then they would not have to be taken to answer for it. Its seems with a policy such as the ECB is only answerable to is itself.4 Financial markets may be excessively nervous because they cannot gauge the governing councils true thinking. The fourth concern of the implementation of a solitary currency in Europe is that of who is in control?4 Officially the ECB is independent and answers to no political nation. But can one council possibly have the abilit y to control and balance eleven different economies at the same time? Some say no, but if it can even succeed only a little bit what is good for one economy may not be good for another. This leads into the final concern: Does one economy fit all? When the economy is in the basement the first thing that politicians ask for is a cut in interest rates. In the beginning this may give the desired results but in the long run may entirely destroy an economy. It becomes macroeconomics versus microeconomics.4 What is good for the economy as a whole may not be good for every sector and region. What one can conclude by the scheme of things that the Euro is going to happen. What the out come will be and what effects it will have towards the economic world can only be speculated. The entire world will be watching as the largest economic experiment of our time unfolds before in front of us half way around the world.